![]() Once the fusion of osteoblast and osteoclastic precursors has occurred, the resulting multinucleated osteoclast attaches to the bone surface and commences resorption. The cellular process of remodeling begins when osteoblast and osteoclast precursor cells fuse to form a multinucleated osteoclastic cell. Osteoclast cells cause bone resorption and originate from a hematopoietic lineage, which includes multiple blood cell types from within the bone marrow. Mesenchymal cells are stem cells that can differentiate into various cell types, such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, and adipocytes. Osteoblast cells contribute to bone growth and derive from mesenchymal origin. The bone remodeling cycle begins in early fetal life and depends on the interaction between two cell lineages. The Cells of Bone Remodeling: The Major Players This interaction between bone remodeling cells and hormones creates the opportunity for a multitude of pathophysiological consequences. The activity of these cells, particularly the osteoclasts, is influenced directly or indirectly by hormonal signals. There are two primary cells responsible for both the resorption and deposition phases of bone remodeling: osteoclasts and osteoblasts however, osteocytes also have a role in this process. The duration, magnitude, and rate of forces applied to the bone (in other words, tendons pulling at their attachments) dictate how the integrity of the bone is altered. Furthermore, a decrease in stress on the bone will cause these bone layers to weaken. Wolff's Law states that bones will adapt to the degree of mechanical loading, such that an increase in loading will cause the architecture of the internal, spongy bone to strengthen, followed by the strengthening of the cortical layer. The German anatomist and surgeon Julius Wolff developed a law that describes the nature of bone remodeling regarding stresses. Remodeling entails the resorption of old or damaged bone, followed by the deposition of new bone material. This process of skeletal change is known as bone remodeling, which both protects the structural integrity of the skeletal system and metabolically contributes to the body's balance of calcium and phosphorus. Bones are not inert structures within the human body they continue to change over the course of a lifespan.
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